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The Quran is the sacred text of Islam, revealed to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ over 23 years. Our quizzes cover surah content, tajwid rules, memorization, Quranic sciences and tafsir — for beginners and advanced learners alike.
Tajweed Rules Reference
Detailed rules extracted from the book al-Mukhtasar al-Mufīd fī Aḥkām al-Tajwīd by Muhammad Hasan al-Ḥimsī.
Introduction
المقدمة
Tajwid is the art of reciting the Quran by pronouncing each letter from its correct articulation point (makhraj) with its intrinsic qualities (sifat). Codified by scholars from the transmitted reading of the Prophet ﷺ, its study is an individual obligation (fard 'ayn) for anyone who recites the Quran. This book presents the essential rules while reminding that theory never replaces direct oral learning from a qualified teacher (mushafaha).
1. Règles de l'Isti'adha et de la Basmala
١ - أحكام الاستعاذة والبسملة
The isti'adha ('A'udhu billahi min ash-shaytan ar-rajim') is recommended — or even obligatory — before any recitation. The basmala is obligatory at the start of every surah except Bara'a (At-Tawba). Between two surahs, three combinations of linking are allowed; a fourth — joining the end of one surah to the basmala without continuing — is forbidden. When starting recitation, the reader has four options for linking isti'adha, basmala and the first surah.
2. Règles du Noun sakina et du Tanwin
٢ - أحكام النون الساكنة والتنوين
Nun sakin and tanwin are governed by four fundamental rules. Idgham (merging with the six letters يَرْمَلُون) is divided into idgham with ghunna (ي و م ن) and without ghunna (ل ر). Iqlab transforms the nun into a nasalized mim before ba'. Ikhfa' (concealment with ghunna) applies before 15 letters. Idhhar halqi (clear pronunciation) applies before the six throat letters : hamza, ha', 'ayn, ha', ghayn, kha'.
3. Règles du Mim sakina
٣ - أحكام الميم الساكنة
Mim sakin obeys three rules. Idgham shafawi (labial merging) applies before another mim with full ghunna. Ikhfa' shafawi (labial concealment) occurs before ba', with the lips remaining closed. Idhhar shafawi (clear pronunciation) applies before all other letters, with particular emphasis before waw and fa'.
4. Règles du Mim et du Noun redoublés
٤ - أحكام الميم والنون المشددتين
A doubled (mushaddad) mim or nun requires an obligatory ghunna lasting two counts (haraka). This rule applies regardless of position within the word (middle or end), the word's nature (noun, verb, particle), or the reading mode (continuous or paused).
5. Règles de l'Idgham
٥ - أحكام الإدغام
Beyond nun sakin, general idgham is divided into three categories. Idgham al-mutamathilayn involves two identical letters (e.g. قَدْ دَخَلُوا). Idgham al-mutajanisayn brings together two letters sharing the same articulation point but differing in some qualities (e.g. د/ت, ت/ط, ذ/ظ, ب/م). Idgham al-mutaqaribayn approximates two letters with nearby articulation points (e.g. ل/ر, ق/ك).
6. Règles du Lam sakina
٦ - أحكام اللام الساكنة
Lam sakina appears in five contexts. The definite article lam (al-) is either lunar (idhhar before 14 letters like ب ح ج ك) or solar (idgham before 14 letters like ط ث ص ر). The verb lam assimilates before ل or ر in the imperative. The noun lam and the imperative lam always remain clear. The lam of particles هَلْ and بَلْ assimilates before ل and ر. The lam of Allah is light (tarqiq) after kasra and emphatic (tafkhim) after fatha or damma.
8. Règles des Madd et leurs catégories
٨ - أحكام المدود وأقسامها
Madd (elongation) is divided into two main categories. Madd tabi'i (natural, 2 counts) is the basic elongation of the three prolongation letters (alif, waw, ya'). It includes four sub-types : madd al-'iwad (compensation on pause), madd al-sila al-sughra (linking of the pronoun هُ), madd al-badal (elongation after hamza), and madd al-tamkin (ya' preceded by a doubled ya'). Madd far'i (secondary, 4-5 counts) is caused either by hamza (muttasil obligatory, munfasil permissible) or by sukun ('arid li-l-sukun on pause, lazim obligatory).
9. Makharij al-Huruf (points d'articulation)
٩ - مخارج الأحرف
The 28 Arabic letters (29 according to some) have 17 articulation points (makharij) distributed across 5 zones. The jawf (oral cavity) produces the three long vowels. The halq (throat) has three levels : deepest (ء ه), middle (ع ح) and closest (غ خ). The lisan (tongue) has 10 points for 18 letters, from qaf at the back to tha' at the tongue tip. The shafatan (lips) produce waw, ba' and mim. The khayshum (nasal cavity) is the seat of ghunna.
10. Sifat al-Huruf (qualités des lettres)
١٠ - صفات الحروف
Arabic letters possess 17 intrinsic qualities (sifat) that distinguish one from another. They are divided into two groups : qualities with opposites (5 pairs, 10 qualities total) and qualities without opposites (7 qualities). These attributes determine exactly how each letter should be pronounced — with strength or softness, tongue elevation or lowering, etc.
Qualités avec contraires
الصفات التي لها أضداد
Ten qualities oppose each other in pairs. Al-hams (whisper) vs. al-jahr (voice) : hams letters (فحثه شخص سكت) let breath pass through. Al-shidda (strength, أجدك قطبت) vs. al-rakhawa (fluidity) with an intermediate degree al-tawassut (لن عمر). Al-isti'la' (tongue elevation, خص ضغط قظ) vs. al-istifal (lowering). Al-itbaq (closure, ص ض ط ظ) vs. al-infitah (opening). Al-idhlaq (labial fluency, فر من لب) vs. al-ismat (heaviness of remaining letters).
Qualités sans contraire
الصفات التي لا ضد لها
Seven qualities have no opposite. Al-safir (whistling) characterizes ص, ز, س. Al-qalqala (reverberation) applies to the five letters قطب جد when sakin — minor qalqala mid-word, major qalqala at word end. Al-lin (softness) concerns waw and ya' sakin preceded by fatha. Al-inhiraf (deviation) affects lam and ra'. Al-takrir (rolling of ra') must be avoided. Al-tafashshi (air diffusion) is the quality of shin. Al-istitala (elongation) is specific to dad.
11. Règles des Sakt
١١ - أحكام السكتات
The sakta is a brief pause without taking a breath, lasting about two counts (haraka). In the Hafs reading, four saktas are prescribed : on 'iwaja (Al-Kahf 18:1-2), on marqadina (Ya-Sin 36:52), on man (Al-Qiyama 75:27), and on bal (Al-Mutaffifin 83:14). An optional sakta also exists on maliyah in Al-Haqqa (69:28).
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Play multiplayerFrequently asked questions
What is tajwid?
Tajwid is the science of Quranic recitation rules. It teaches how to pronounce every Arabic letter correctly from its articulation point (makhraj) with its intrinsic qualities (sifat), following the tradition transmitted from Prophet Muhammad ﷺ.
What is idgham?
Idgham is the merging of a non-vocalized letter (sakin) into the following vocalized letter, so they become a single doubled letter. It notably applies to nun sakin and tanwin before the six letters يَرْمَلُون.
How many rules apply to nun sakinah and tanwin?
Four rules govern nun sakin and tanwin: idgham (merging, with or without ghunna), iqlab (transformation into mim before ba'), ikhfa' (nasal concealment before 15 letters) and idhhar (clear pronunciation before the 6 throat letters).
What is ghunna?
Ghunna is a nasal resonance lasting two counts (haraka). It is mandatory for doubled nun and mim, and accompanies idgham with ghunna and ikhfa' of nun sakin and tanwin.
What is madd in tajwid?
Madd is the elongation of a vowel during recitation. Madd tabi'i (natural) lasts 2 counts, while madd far'i (secondary) lasts 4 to 5 counts depending on whether it is caused by a hamza or a sukun.
What are the articulation points (makharij) of Arabic letters?
The 28 Arabic letters have 17 articulation points across 5 areas: the jawf (oral cavity), the halq (throat, 3 levels), the lisan (tongue, 10 points), the shafatan (lips) and the khayshum (nasal cavity, seat of ghunna).
What is qalqala?
Qalqala is a reverberation produced when one of the five letters قطب جد is sakin. It is minor (sughra) in the middle of a word and major (kubra) at the end of a word.
Is learning tajwid obligatory?
Theoretical study of tajwid is a collective obligation (fard kifaya), but correctly applying the rules when reciting the Quran is an individual obligation (fard 'ayn) to avoid pronunciation errors (lahn).
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